91原创

In addition to developing experiments and building CubeSats, team members are seeing what it takes to make proposals to NASA, navigate its paperwork and comply with exacting regulations 鈥� work that prepares them for future missions as researchers and/or NASA employees.

It has already been an 鈥渋ncredible journey,鈥� Timothy 鈥淭.J.鈥� Tomaszewski said. The journey started last August, when Maruca first suggested doing a CubeSat project.

鈥淭o go from proof of concept to being accepted by NASA, it has been one of the best experiences of my life,鈥� Tomaszewski said.

And now he is the project manager 鈥� as a sophomore.

鈥淚鈥檝e always been interested in space, ever since I was a kid looking up at the moon at night,鈥� he said. 鈥淲ith this, I have learned about science and myself. I didn鈥檛 know I wanted to do scientific management or run a mission.鈥�

Swenson said she was shocked when Tomaszewski texted her last summer and said 鈥淒o you want to build a satellite?鈥�

鈥淗ow can I say no to that?鈥� she said. 鈥淚t has been the best experience in general and learning-wise. I鈥檝e learned a lot not only about the science, but how to function as a team and about time management. And the reward of getting an approval as monumental as NASA鈥檚 鈥� well, it鈥檚 an amazing experience I never thought I鈥檇 be able to have.鈥�

Developing space science research

Maruca, an expert in space plasma physics, is the principal investigator of the mission, which is supported by the new Delaware Space Observation Center (DSpOC) and NASA grants, in partnership with the Delaware Space Grant Consortium (DESGC). Students also receive support from faculty advisers in their majors, which include physics, astronomy, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and biomedical engineering.

Maruca has led student teams that developed experiments that were launched aboard sounding rockets from NASA鈥檚 Wallops Island Space Flight Center in Virginia.

鈥淭his has been on my radar for a while,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he sounding rockets were where we wanted to begin, going into orbit and measuring plasma at higher altitudes. This will be Delaware鈥檚 first orbital spacecraft, and we don鈥檛 want it to be the last.鈥�

Students on the DAPPEr mission will build on the work of students who went before them, including those who helped establish the 91原创 CubeSat Ground Station, a 10-foot satellite dish installed on the grounds of the Mount Cuba Astronomical Observatory (MCAO) in Greenville, Delaware. That ground station will enable communication with the DAPPEr CubeSat and also will be part of NASA鈥檚 upcoming CubeSat mission, led by the University of California, Berkeley, which is expected to launch this summer. (CURIE stands for CubeSat Radio Interferometry Experiment.)

Maruca鈥檚 DSpOC recently acquired a thermal vacuum chamber and the center also has a clean area, both of which are essential to assembling and testing the CubeSat.

Developing a NASA mission is not for the faint of heart. It requires attention to detail, many forms and reports, deadlines and the ability to handle pressure.

Humor is not required, but Maruca adds it often to the mix.

This explains the DAPPEr team鈥檚 blue fedora logo.

鈥淔light missions are incredibly stressful,鈥� Maruca said. 鈥淭here are late nights and panic getting ready for reviews. It鈥檚 important to also have fun and have a sense of belonging and team spirit.鈥�

Preparing for extreme conditions

Creating a CubeSat that can function independently and withstand the extreme conditions in the Earth鈥檚 ionosphere is no small matter.

Delaware鈥檚 DAPPEr mission will launch from the ISS to what is known as the F2 layer of Earth鈥檚 ionosphere, about 425 kilometers (264 miles) above the surface.

鈥淭he ionosphere is where the auroras live,鈥� Maruca said. 鈥淭hese are the altitudes where auroras are forming. It鈥檚 where a lot of spacecraft are and the materials on these spacecraft are affected by plasma.鈥�

Because the mission aims to gather data in 鈥減ristine鈥� plasma, the Langmuir probes that capture plasma data cannot just be mounted outside the Space Station.

鈥淵ou鈥檇 be dealing with the wake of the ISS,鈥� Maruca said. 鈥淎nd that disrupts the plasma.鈥�

Once it is launched from the ISS, the CubeSat will drift away into orbit 鈥� all on its own. The tiny spacecraft must have its own power generation and its own communications system.

Electromagnets will help the spacecraft push against the Earth鈥檚 magnetic field, Maruca said, as the CubeSat has no other propulsion capability.

For power, the team will use space-grade lithium polymer batteries, he said.

鈥淭hey鈥檙e not that different in terms of technology from the batteries in our phones or laptops, but they are space-rated, designed to withstand the extreme temperatures, pressures or lack thereof 鈥� which is why they cost so much.鈥�

The total cost for parts is just over $200,000, Maruca said, with one of the solar panels costing about $7,000, he said.

鈥淚t has to be able to withstand the vibrations of launch,鈥� he said, 鈥渁nd it has to be lightweight.鈥�

The CubeSat also must be able to tolerate extensive temperature changes and thermal cycling from low extremes of minus 40 degrees Celsius (and Fahrenheit) to maximum extremes about 80 degrees Celsius (180 degrees Fahrenheit).

鈥淭here is so little gas there, the temperature of the gas doesn鈥檛 really matter to the temperature of the spacecraft,鈥� Maruca said. 鈥淲hat matters is how much light it鈥檚 exposed to. In the sunlight, it will get very hot. When it passes into the Earth鈥檚 shadow, it will get very cold. And in Earth orbit, you鈥檙e in and out of that every 90 minutes. That鈥檚 why you test not only the temperature but also the thermal cycling.鈥�

In that thin atmosphere, the air does not conduct heat as efficiently to or from the spacecraft, he said.

For the same reason, your skin reacts much differently to brief exposures to the heat of an oven and the lower temperature of boiling water, he said.

If you put your hands into an oven heated to 375 degrees Fahrenheit and then remove them, your hands may be warm, but they won鈥檛 be burned.

However, if you are boiling water for pasta and put your hands into that 212-degree Fahrenheit liquid, your hands will be burned because the density of that lower-temperature water is far greater than the density of the air in the oven.

Communications and spacecraft commands will be generated from the CubeSat Ground Station at Mount Cuba. The ground station will send and receive data to and from the spacecraft.

It is a slow process, though 鈥� nothing like livestreaming a movie over high-bandwidth internet connections.

鈥淭hese are dial-up modem speeds,鈥� Maruca said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a trickle. You have to do as much onboard processing as possible.鈥�

The mission is designed to continue for at least six months, during which the spacecraft will make many orbits. The team hopes it will continue to operate for a year, to collect more data and see long-term patterns such as average temperatures in summer months and winter months.

In addition to Tomaszewski and Swenson, 91原创鈥檚 CubeSat team members include (so far) Samuel Auerbach, mechanical engineering, Narberth, Pennsylvania; Marisol Catalan Olais, physics, Wilmington, Delaware; Sreenidhi Banda, biomedical engineering, Pike Creek, Delaware; Matthew Ward, electrical engineering, Newark, Delaware; Connor McCleery, mechanical engineering, Wilmington, Delaware; Alex Bruce, physics, Abington, Pennsylvania; Jonathan Rosado, mechanical engineering, Fallston, Maryland; Markos Duey, mechanical and aerospace engineering, Wilmington, Delaware; Jarrod Bieber, physics, Middletown, Delaware; and Josh Goodwill, physics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Also selected for launch by NASA were CubeSat missions from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Oakwood School in California; the University of Hawaii at Manoa; California State University, Long Beach; Saint Louis University; California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; University of Chicago; Utah State University; and NASA鈥檚 Marshall Space Flight Center (in partnership with Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Georgia Institute of Technology).